![]() Notable examples include McDaniel and Einstein’s ( 2007) ideas about spontaneous retrieval ( Einstein et al., 2005), which originate in Semon’s and Tulving’s concept of ecphory ( Semon, 1921 Tulving, 1983), and Marsh et al.’s ( 2006) ideas about context effects, which borrow from the concept of encoding specificity. There is a rich history wherein theories from retrospective memory have stimulated thinking about prospective memory. In doing so, we hope to encourage researchers in prospective memory to borrow from established theories in the retrospective memory literature to potentially lead to a greater understanding of the processes that support prospective memory. The purpose of this article is to consider evidence that a retrieval process that supports retrospective memory (i.e., retrieval mode) is also engaged when monitoring is used to accomplish a prospective memory task. Today I know that such memories are the key not to the past, but to the future We suggest, based on this evidence and these ideas, that prospective memory research could profit from more active exploration of the relevance of theoretical constructs from the retrospective memory literature. Our review highlights the fact that a particular area of prefrontal cortex (BA 10) appears to play an important role in both retrospective and prospective retrieval modes. Although we address the behavioral evidence for each construct, our primary goal is to assess the extent to which each retrieval mode appears to rely on a common neural region. To our knowledge, this construct has not been explicitly compared between the two literatures, and thus this is the purpose of the present article. This construct was originally introduced in a theory of episodic (retrospective) memory and has more recently been invoked in a theory of how some prospective memory tasks are accomplished. An important theoretical construct in the fields of both retrospective memory and prospective memory is that of a retrieval mode, or a neurocognitive set or readiness to treat environmental stimuli as potential retrieval cues. ![]() Within this focus, a natural subject for investigation is prospective memory, or memory to do things in the future. In other words, although episodic (retrospective) memory is about the past, it is not actually for the past it is for the future. Klein made the provocative suggestion that the purpose of human episodic memory is to enable individuals to plan and prepare for the future. 2Department of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA.1Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
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